Military Papercraft
PLANE torpedo TBD "Devastator"
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plane is a type of torpedo military aircraft designed to destroy ships and surface ships using torpedoes air, used for the 50s Twentieth century.
were built three main torpedo aircraft types, differing in design characteristics:
- board aircraft torpedo,
- base torpedo planes, seaplanes
- torpedo.
torpedo planes usually have a specialized variant of bombers and could carry bombs instead of torpedoes . Were then determined as a torpedowo-bomber aircraft and bombers, torpedo . Rarely torpedo planes were only equipped to carry torpedoes.
Types [edit ]
board airplanes or torpedowo torpedo-bomber (usually referred to simply as a general board bombers) were designed to be operating from aircraft carriers (could also be used from land bases). These were single-engine aircraft, originally biplanes with fixed landing gear , since the mid-30s mainly jednopłatowe with retractable landing gear. As a rule, have 2 or 3 person crew consisting of pilot, bombardier and gunner rear their roles were sometimes combined. Special design features a folding wing in order to reduce the area needed to icing, and a hook for attachment to podkadłubowy rope braking during landing. Because of the destination, they were long range, allowing operation at the sea and usually adequate safety equipment (inflatable raft). Emphasis was placed on the ability of a relatively short takeoff and landing. Offensive weaponry onboard torpedo planes by the end of World War II aerial torpedo was a caliber of 450 mm or rule bombs weighing from 200 to 900 kg. (See more bombers on board )
Base torpedo planes (torpedowo-bombs) were designed only to operate from land bases. These were typically two-engine airplanes jednopłatowe, which are versions of the medium bombers . With multiplayer crew, they were relatively strong in the defensive armament machine guns in several positions, as well as the corresponding bombers. They were usually long range, allowing the long seaside activities, including patrol operations. Offensive armament was one, rarely two torpedoes or airline bomb weighing up to 2,000 kg. Initially as an aircraft torpedo base was also used single-dwupłaty smaller, with fewer opportunities in combat. From land bases and aircraft used aircraft torpedo.
Seaplanes torpedo (torpedowo-bomb) were revisions float seaplanes, flying boats less , adapted to carry air torpedoes. Aircraft such as frequently as wykorzystwano marine patrol aircraft . They were built either as a two-engine airplanes and, more rarely Multi (eg trzysilnikowy CANNOT Z.506 ), In different design systems (biplane, monoplane). They were used on a smaller scale than the baseline aircraft, from which they had poorer performance.
History of [edit ]
first attempts to use torpedo planes as weapons to fight the ships had been taken during World War I . In 1915 British airlines have applied to the torpedo planes Sopwith Cuckoo . They also adapted to other aircraft and seaplanes - including British Short S.184 (1917 ).
more intensive development of the torpedo planes took place in the 20s Twentieth century, with the development aircraft, which became the main offensive weapon, until the emergence of dive bombers. Aircraft of this type were built primarily as the single-dwupłaty. Torpedo planes on board only developed country with aircraft carriers ( UK, USA and Japan), the most famous and long life of the aircraft of this period became the British Fairey Swordfish . Other countries have developed torpedo seaplanes.
Since the mid-30th and in the 40s, in connection with the general technical progress in aviation, aircraft were built primarily as a torpedo jednopłatowce with retractable landing gear and the extensive use of metal in construction. In particular, the development was subject to the Air Force base period, using the new versions of medium bombers, the Japanese Mitsubishi G3M , Italian Savoia-Marchetti SM.79 , Soviet Ilyushin Il-4 (DB-3), a German Junkers Ju 88 A4 , a British Bristol Beaufort or heavy fighters (like Bristol Beaufighter ). Produced a new torpedo planes jednopłatowe board (the most well-known: Japanese B5N Mitsubishi and Mitsubishi B6N , U.S. Douglas TBD Devastator and Grumman TBF Avenger , the British Fairey Barracuda ).
Due to the limited capacity of aircraft, torpedoes, most airlines have the caliber of 450 mm and weight from 750 to 1000 kg, including about 170 - 200 kg of explosive. Rarely used more torpedoes (caliber 500 - 533 mm) or less.
Usage History [edit ]
use torpedoes as weapons flight was associated closely with the specificity of the attack. The plane had to fly for some time at low altitude above the sea surface in the direction of the ship, with a low speed of the order of 150-250 km / h depending the type of torpedo, making it relatively easy target. The amount, which could be a torpedo was dropped, depending on the type of torpedo 30 - 40 m, only some were higher - up to 80 m.
first successful torpedo plane attack took place during World War I in August 1915 , when the British Sopwith Cuckoo torpedo sank the Turkish steamer "Scham" during the battle of the Dardanelles .
Conflict, in which the torpedo planes played a big role, she was World War II. On the Atlantic theater, including British Swordfish torpedo planes on board played a crucial role in preventing escape battleship Bismarck , damaging it, allowing it to be destroyed and made a daring attack on Taranto , destroying the backbone of the Italian fleet. The German and Italian aircraft torpedo base constituted a major threat to convoys and allied ships, especially in the Mediterranean.
In big air-sea operations in the Pacific , onboard torpedo planes were used extensively, taking part in all the battles with aircraft carriers, but played a supporting role in relation dive bombers, which proved to be effective means to combat ships and bear smaller losses. They participated, among others in the attack on Pearl Harbor , battles: the Coral Sea, Midway of , of the Philippine Sea, Leyte of flooding and superpancerników " Musashi" (under the Leyte) and "Yamato ." An important role was played by a torpedo air base - Japanese bombers G3M and G4M sank two British battleships in Kuantan , which was a symbolic end of an era battleships, defeated in the open sea by the aircraft.
After World War II torpedo planes gradually disappeared, becoming little help, especially given the development of missile weapons. Currently used in still air as a torpedo-armed patrol aircraft , but they are only directed to torpedo anti-submarine submerged and planes are not planes torpedo.
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